abaldwin360:

jonathan-cunningham:

Increased debt due to income stagnation, not increased borrowing or consumption;

It’s a well-known fact that household debt has exploded in recent decades, rising from 50 percent of GDP in 1980 to over 100 percent on the eve of the Great Recession. It’s also well-known that household borrowing has increased sharply over this period. Indeed, for most people — including many economists — these are two ways of saying the same thing. In fact, though, they are quite different claims, and while the first one is certainly true, the second is not.

How can debt have increased if borrowing hasn’t? Though this seems counterintuitive, the answer is simple. We’re not interested in debt per se, but in leverage, defined as the ratio of a sector’s or unit’s debt to its income (or net worth). This ratio can go up because the numerator rises or because the denominator falls…

Think of it this way: If you borrow money and your income in dollars rises by 10 percent a year (3 percent real growth, say, and 7 percent inflation) then you will find it much easier to pay off the debt when it comes due. But if you borrow the same amount and your dollar income turns out to rise at only 4 percent a year (the same real growth but only 1 percent inflation) then the payment, when it comes due, will be a larger fraction of your income. That, not increased household spending, is why debt ratios rose in the 1980s.

Neither the 1980s nor the 1990s saw an increase in new household borrowing — on the contrary, the household sector in the aggregate showed a primary surplus in these decades, in contrast with the primary deficits of the postwar decades. So both the conservative theory explaining increased household borrowing by shorter time horizons and a general lack of self-control, and the liberal theory explaining it by efforts of those further down the income ladder to maintain consumption standards in the face of a falling share of income, need some rethinking. 

Chart courtesy of Mother Jones. Above, J. W. Mason takes out the popular misconceptions that the debt increase is due to increased borrowing or increased consumption. In reality, the consumption and borrowing hasn’t changed significantly- it’s the stagnation of income that has caused the issue.